COLD WAR BORUAK THLIRVELNA

Indopui II-na a lo tawp khan khawvel sawrkar liante chuan thawhho a, khawvela thiltithei ber nih tumin a ruk takin an in el thum tiin a sawi theih awm e. Chung zingah chuan US leh a thurualpui Europe sawrkar lian te leh khawchhak lamah USSR (Soviet Union) te khan chungnung zawk nih tumin khawvel sawrkar hrang hrangte thian atan an dap tawn nasa hle. Khawthlang lam US leh a thurualpuite hian mipui aiawh thlanchhuah sawrkar democracy chu khawvel damna tur niin an tlangaupui a, khawchhak lam USSR lam erawh chuan communist (mipui vantlangin thleibikna nei lova ram hausakna intawm tlanna) sawrkar na takin an kalpui thung a ni.

Cold War an ti maw?

Sawrkar lian pahnih US leh USSR te chuan sipai leh ralthuam nena indona hmachhawn si lovin, a lang lo ruamah nasa takin an iner tawn em em lawi si a, chu an inerna leh chak zawk, ropui zawk nih tuma hma an lakna boruak in khawvel a tuam chu saptawnga 'Cold War' an tih chu a ni. Mizo tawng chuan 'indona dai duk' tiin sawi ta ila, a dik ve thei mai awm a sin. A awmzia chu hmaisen inchhawn silo a, a ruka boruak dai ruih hnuaia indona tiin kan hrethiam thei awm e.

USA leh USSR inelna boruak awm 'Cold War' tia sawichhuak hmasaber chu US Politician Bernard Baruch niin sawi a ni. A tawngkam hman hi American journalist Walter Lippmann chuan la chhawngin kum 1947 lehkhabu a ti chhuak, a lehkhabu hmingah chuan 'The Cold War' tih a hmang a. He lehkhabuah hian US sawrkarin ramdanga hma a laknate chhuichiangin, USSR nena an intlansiakna boruak te chiang taka a ziah avangin 'Cold War' tih tawngkam hi khawvel pumah hriat lar a ni chho ta zel a ni.

Cold War boruak hi khawvelin a hriatthiam dan ber chu khawthlang lam ziakmite leh thuthar thehdarhtu ten sawi dan hi a ni. US chuan USSR rawn lian chho zel chu ngai thei lovin khawvel remna leh muanna atan la pawi thei turah an ngai a, chuvangin US leh an thurualpui ram te chuan sipai leh ralthuam tihpu lamah chak takin hma an la chho ta char char a ni.

Thuthlung inmil lo pahnihte khawvel

US leh USSR hian thuthlung inang lo kalpui an nei a, US lam hian democracy sawrkar hnuaiah mihausa leh sumdawng lian ten zalen taka sum an lak luh an phalrai a, USSR lam erawh chuan  communist zirtirna angin ramchhunga hausakna chu sawrkar thununna hnuaia awm tirin, hausa bik awm lovin mipuiten an thawhchhuah mil zelin an in sem tlang tur a ni tiin kalphung an zam thung a ni.

Chutianga thuthlung inang lo tak an zawm avang chuan khawthlang lam hian khawchhak lam chu hnehchhiahna hnuaia awmin an sawi a, khawthlang lam chu zalenna awmna ram niin an insawi thung. Zalenna chawisangin khawchhak sawrkar hnehchhiahna duhtu nia an sawi chu a theihna kawng tinreng a tlankhalh tumin hman an la ta thin a ni.

Thawhho pui tur an dap tawn

Cold War boruak avang hian khawthlang leh khawchhak sawrkar lian te chuan sipai leh ralthuam lama tanho pui tur neih tulin an hria a, an hmelmate laka hnehna hlado an chham theih nan khawvel huap leh an ram bial chhung huam te in thawhhona thuthlung an siam ta sup sup mai a ni. Chung zinga US hmalakna larzual te chu North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) leh South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) te hi a ni awm e. USSR lam lahin an thuthlung zawmpui ram ho te nena thawhhona tur in Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) a siam fel a, hei hi Warsaw Pact tia hriatlar a ni. He thawhhona thuthlungah hian USSR leh Europe khawchhak ram 7 te chu an tangho ve bawk a ni. 

Warsaw Pact thuthlung ang hian USSR chuan a thawhpui ramteah hian an ei leh bar thawhchhuahna (economy) lamah pawh thuneihna a nei vek a, USSR duh dan angin an kal vek tihna a ni mai awm e. Chubakah, chung ram hrang hrangah chuan USSR hmalakna dodalna hmetmit nghal mai thei turin secret police a dah vek bawk a ni.

USSR hian a thawhpui ram te nena economy lama intanpui tawnna tur Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) a din a, he pawl hi USSR kehchhiat hma lawk June 28, 1991 khan tih tawp a ni.

Tanpuina sem lamah inelna a na

USA lam lahin khawvel ram zau zawka lamtang a neih belh zel theih nan tanpuina pek chhuah dan tur a dap reng bawk a, chung zinga hriat lar deuh pakhat chu Truman Doctrine an tih hi a ni awm e. US President Harry S. Truman chuan kum 1947 khan Greece leh Turkey ram ten USSR hmalakna vanga harsatna an tawh mek avangin, ei leh bar leh ralthuam lama tanpuina turin US Dollar maktaduai 400 pek a rem ti a ni.

Hei bakah hian Cold War laia US hmalakna langsar leh deuh chu Marshall Plan an tih hi a ni. Europe khawtlang ram ten Indopui II-na vanga economy lama harsatna an tawh tanpui nan leh an ram dinhmun an siam that leh theih hlawm nan tiin kum 1948 khan, US chuan Dollar tluklehdingawn 13 a sem chhuak a ni. A chunga kan sawi COMECON pawh kha USSR in US hmalakna Marshall Plan khinlet nana an din ve niin a rin theih a ni.

An in bihthla tawn

Cold War boruak chuan khawvel a chiah zau zel a, US lamin enthlatu pawl CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) an hmang tangkai em em a, USSR lam lahin enthlatu pawl tha tak KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti) an nei a, khawchhak leh khawthlang sawrkar liante chu heng enthlatu pawl hmang hian an khawsak dan an inenthla tawn ta zak zak mai a ni.

Cuba ramah missile bun tumna a awm

Cold War lai a US leh USSR intlansiakna leh tan lak dan hrang hrang te sawisen a ni lo hial awm e. Chung zingah chuan khawvel politic nghawr nghing dawt langsar tak pakhat chu Cuba rama USSR in missile bun an tum kh a ni. Cuba ramah Fidel Castro hovin communist sawrkar din a ni a, US chuan a ngaithei lo em em a, paihthlak dan tur ngaihtuahin an kawmserh ta hial a. Cuba lam chuan a thuthlung zawmpui USSR lamah zualkoin US lakah in vennan tiin an ramah chuan USSR in missile kahchhuahna bun a tum chu an rem ti ta mai a. USSR lam hian missile bunna tur khawl te lawnglian hmangin Cubaah an phur lut ta chur chur a, hei hi US uisathiamten lo hriain an sawisel ta nghal a. US leh USSR inkarah hian buaina liam tham a chhuak thelh a, an inrem thei ta a, USSR lam chuan Cuba rama missile bun an tum chu an thulh leh ta a ni.

Cubaah hian USSR hian missile kahchhuahna hi bun ta nise, an duh hun hunah US khawpui lian ho chu an sai pawp pawp thei tawh mai dawn a, chu chu US President J.F Kennedy khan na taka dodalin ti tawp turin thu a pe ta a ni.

Afghanistan lamah pawh an la inep ta zel

Cold War boruak kal zelah hian kum 1978 khan USSR chuan Afghanistana PDPA sawrkar tanpui nan sipai a tir lut a, US lamin sawrkar paihthlak tuma helpawl pasarih intelkhawm IUAM te chu a thawhpui ve bawk a, sawkar lian pahnih te hian Afghanistan buaiah pawh hian ralthuam, sum leh pai bakah sipai an seng tawn hnem viau a ni.

Cold War hun tawp lam

A tawi zawngin sawi ta ila, kum 1991 a USSR a lo kehchhiat takah khan US leh USSR inkara Cold War chu a lo tawp ta niin mi tam tak chuan an sawi thin a ni.

USSR kehchhiat tak hnu hian Europe khawchhak lama tunhmaa USSR tawhpui thin ramte khan communist rorelna te paihthlain democracy sawrkar an din chho ta zel a, European Union leh NATO ah te member anni ta hlawm a, hei hi USSR kehchhia atanga ramlian ber Russia chuan a ngaimawh khawp mai a, an ramri hnaiha European Union leh NATO ten bu an rawn khuar tur chu an ngai thei ta lo zel chu anih hi. Cold War chu a tawp tawh niin sawi ni mahsela, a zungzam erawh tunlaia Russia leh Ukraine buaiah hian a la in zam tih a lang reng mai.

Khawvelah hian mihringte hi sang zawk, chak zawk, ropui zawk, thiltithei zawk nih tumin kan intlansiak suau suau a, ram hausakna pawh ralthuam leh sipai te hman turin kan seng nasa narawh e. Ngun taka ngaihtuah chuan Pathian thilsiam zingah hian mihringte hi mahni anpuite laka hleilenna kalpui nasaber leh tul hauh lova midangte chunga thuneihna pumhmawm duh ber kan ni hial lo maw le? 

Kan Pathian thu in "Miin khawvel hi a pumin nei sela, a nun chan si sela, a tan engnge sawt ang?" a tih ang deuhin, khawvelah hian cheng kumkhua tur kan ni silo a, engtikniah emaw chuan lo boral vek tur kan ni. Chuvangin kan damchhung theuhah hian "remna leh muanna" hi i chawinung zel zawk ang u.

- Zara Ralte

USSR KHA ENGTIA KEHDARH TA MAI NGE?

USSR chu engtia lo awm nge?

Khawvela sawrkar lian ber leh ram zau ber ni thin USSR kehchhiat chhan kan sawi hmain USSR rawn awm dan sawi hmasa phawt ila. Russia ramah khian tunhma chuan lal neiin rorelna kalpui thin a ni a, an lalte hi history bu a Tsar/Czar tia kan hriat thin te kha an ni. Kum 1917 - 1923 chhunga October Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) a lo chhuah khan heng an lalte rorelna hi paihthla in hruaitu ropui Vladimir Lenina hovin sawrkar thar an din dan tur an ngaihtuah ta a. Lenina ho hian tunhmaa a hranga rorelna nei thin - Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian leh Byelorussian hote chu ram pakhatah intelkhawmin kum 1922 khan Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) chu an din ta tiin a tawi zawngin a sawi theih mai awm e.

USSR sawrkar chu eng nge a nih chiah?

USSR an din takah ah hian an hruaitu ropui Vladimir Lenina chuan an ram economy than that theih nan New Economic Policy a rawn kapuia, chutah chuan economic tawngkama free market leh private property a rawn kalpui a, chumi awmzia chu zalen taka sumdawn theihna leh mimal te pawn an duh zawng bungrua leh sum leh pai anmahniin an nei thei tihna a ni ber awm e.

Lenina hi kum 1924 ah a thi a, Joseph Stalin chu roreltu a rawn ni chho a, ani erawh hi chuan khawng takin rorelna a rawn kalpui ta thung a, an ram economy pawh mimal ten zalen taka kalpui lovin sawrkar khuahkhirhna hnuaia (command economy) awm turin a dah a, tin, Communist party ah pawh a thu zawm thei lote chu a ban vek bawk. Ani hian USSR chu thilsiamchhuah lama nasa takin a kalpui a, tihluihna in mipuiten hna an thawh angai a, sawrkar thuawih loh te chu nataka hrem emaw tihhlum an ni mai thin.

Tiang chuan communist ram tih takah sawrkar duh dan angin khawng takin rorelna kalpui a ni a, an ram ei leh bar leh hmasawnna kalpui dan zawng zawng chu Communist rorelna sang ber Politburo ho kutah a awm vek a, mipuiten sawi theih an nei ve lo a ni. Sumdawnna leh thilsiamchhuahna lam te, buh leh bal tharchhuah lama hmalakna zawng zawngah te sawrkar in thu a neih vek bakah sawrkar duhdan ang chauhin hma lak thin a ni. India rama kan duh ang anga eizawnna kawng kan zawh ang hi chu a ni lo tih hria ila, i duh emaw duh lo emaw sawrkarin tih tur a tih chu tui lo deuh chung pawhin i thawh angai. Lo neitute pawhin an duh ang thlai an ching thei ngawt lo, sawrkarin chin tur a tih chauh chin theih a ni.

Engtia kehdarh ta mai nge?

USSR kehdarh tak nachhan hi sawi tur tam tak a awm thei a, a chhan chu chumi ber chu a ni tia han malmak fak tur hi sawi thiam a har khawp mai. Chhan hrang hrang a awm thei awm e.

Eitur aiin Silai

A pakhatna atan chuan a chunga kan sawi lan tawh ang hian USSR chu communist ram tih takah mipuiten duhthlan theihna an nei tlem hle a, eizawnna leh hmasawnna hna thawh kawngah sawrkar thu thu a ni mai a, chung avang chuan, an ram hruaitu ten mipui duhzawng lam aiin ram himna leh chakna tur lam an ngaipawimawh zawk a, an sawi thin dan takah 'eitur aiin silai an duh zawk' a ni.

USSR hian gas leh tuialhthei lamah hausakna nasa tak a nei a, chungte avang chuan a hunlai chuan khawvela sawrkar chak leh hausaber zinga a mi a ni thin a, amaherawhchu, mipuiten chung hausakna te chu anmahni tan an hmang ve thei lem lo a, sawrkar kutah vek ram hausakna a awm avangin thang lo thar zel ten zalen zawka awm a, hausakna leh eizawnna thawh te an lo duh ve a, an ram kalphung duhkhawp lohna a lo awm ta a ni.

Gorbachev-a hmalakna a hlawhtling lo

Kum 1985 khan USSR chuan hruaitu thar Mikhail Gorbachev an nei ta a, ani hian ram kalphung thar rawn duang chhuakin hmalakna lian tak pahnih perestroika leh glasnost hmangin hma a la a.

Perestroika tih awmzia chu communist leh capitalist economic system zuia hmalakna tihna  a ni. Sawrkar khuahkhirhna hnuaiah mimal hausa ten hmalakna an nei thei ta a ni. Chutiang chuan mimal hausa leh sumdawng ten an duh zat zat an siamchhuakin an zuar chhuak thei ta tiin a sawifiah theih awm e. Sawrkar rorelnaah pawh zalen leh huam zau zawkin kawngka an hawng a, communist party mi leh ni lo te pawh an tel ve phal sak an ni.

Glasnost tih awmzia ve thung chu a ha zawnga sawrkarin mimal zalenna a hupbeh sak thin ang thiahna a ni awm e. Mipui ten duh duh sawi theihna atana zalenna te, sakhuanaa zalen taka kalpui te phal a ni ta a, sawrkarin mi tang tam tak a chhuah a, chanchinbu leh TV te pawhin an duh ang zawng tih chhuah theihna zalenna te pawh pek anni.

Gorbachev-an mipui te zalenna a pek tak hi USSR hian a tuar ta a, a chhan pawh chutia mipui ten zalenna zau zawk an lo neih takah chuan, communist sawrkar khirh takin a lo khapbehna thin, an ram kalphung an lo nin em em te chu langsar takin mipuiten an rawn au chhuahpui ta a, USSR kaldan chu thlak duhna a lo awm ta a ni.

Hetiang anih mek lai hian kum 1986 khan Chernobyl Nuclear Plant ah chhiatna a thleng a, mipui tam takin he chhiatna hi an tuar a, mahse, Gorbachevan zalen takin thil kalpui a ni ang a lo tih tawh chu he thil thlengah hian sawrkarin a zep leh tlat a, a hnu ni 18 ah he chhiat tawh thu a puang chhuak ta chauh a ni. He thil thleng hian mipui ten USSR sawrkar kaldan chu sawiselna leh paihthlak duhna a rawn hring chhuak nasa hle.

USSR in zalenna duh te a ral thlir em ni?

USSR ah hian hnam hrang hrang leh sakhuana hrang hrang be tute an awm khawm a, anni ho hian an mahni chenna ram theuh leh sakhuana te chu zalen zawka kalpui a, mahni hnam bila awm duhna a lo awm bawk. Gorbachevan zalenna zau zawk a hawn takah hian remchangah la in, USSR a awm khawm hnam tenau zawk te chuan inlak hrana mahnia awm chu an lo duh ta hlawm a, chutiang anga hma la an awm chuan sawrkar lamin chuti lutuk a tihtawp tuma hma a lak tak lohah chuan inpumkhatna lam aiin inlakhran lam hawi zawngin thil a kal chho ta a ni.

USSR a tel ve chiah lo, an tanrualpui ram dang abikin Europe khawchhak lam ramah te communist sawrkar paihthlakna te a lo awm chho a, chungah chuan USSR Gorbacheva kaihhruai chuan tih tawp tuma hmalakna lian tham an neih loh avang leh an ral thlir deuh tawp thin takah chuan USSR atanga indan duh an lo pung ta zel bawk a ni.

USSR sipai chakna a thlahniam

Gorbachevan economic lama zalen zawka hmalakna a hawn tak avang hian sipai lama hmalaknaah pawh nghawng a nei lian hle. Kum 1985 - 1991 khan USSR sipai awm zat chu maktaduai 5.3 atangin 2.3 ah an tlahniam a ni.

Sipai heti taka an thlahniam hi a chhhan a awm a, Gorbachev hian an ram hmasawnnan khawthlang sawrkar te biak thata thahwpui an ngai tih a hria a, anni khawthlang sawrkar ho, abikin US chuan ralthuam leh sipai lama hmalaknate hi tih tlem a, remna leh muanna lam kawnga kal turin thawh hona neih an lo duh tho sia, tichuan USSR lamah pawh sipai leh ralthuam lama hmalakna te tih tlem a ni ta a ni.

Tin, USSR in kum 1979 - 1989 chhunga Afghanistan an run khan an ram hausakna in a tuar nasa em em a, an zuk beih te ber kha US leh an tanrualpuiten an lo thlawp ve si a, tul lovah ram hausakna a kalral nasa a, sipai tam tak in nunna an chan bakah hliampui tur thahnem tak an awm a, hei hian USSR kehdarhna turin nasa takin nghawng a nei bawk. USSR sipai Afghanista zul rammu te hi atawpah chuan Gorbacheva hmalakna sawisel nasa ber tu te an rawn ni ta a ni.

Afghanistan-a USSR in sipai tam tak a chan avang hian sipai leh ralthuam lamah chak takin hma lak a lo har phah a, kum 1989 - 1991 chhung a USSR chhunga zalenna sual Georgia, Azerbaijan leh Lithuania te chu sipai chaknaa tih mih theih annih tak loh avangin zalenna an neih phah ta a ni.

Hun hnuhnung a rawn her chhuak tan

Hetiang thil a thlen chhoh tak mawlh mawlh avang hian USSR hruaitu Gorbacheva duh khawp lohna a lo nasa telh telh a, August 1991 ah amah paihthlak tumna a lo awm a, nithum chhung pawn chhuak thei lovin hual beh a ni a, amah paihthlak tumtute hi hlawhtling ta chiah lo mahse USSR sawrkar tihtawp duhna boruak erawh khap beh theih a ni ta lo.

Gorbacheva hi a mi rinber zinga mi Boris Yeltsin-an a phatsan kha USSR kehdarhna tura thil pawimawh tak a ni bawk. Boris Yeltsin chu USSR a rorelna sang ber politburo atanga a ban hnuin Gorbacheva kaihhruai USSR sawiselna leh dodalna nasa takin a kalpui chhunzawm a. Tichuan, tuna Russia lo ni ta, USSR chhunga ram zau ber Russian Federation ah President a rawn ni ta a, USSR hnuaia sawrkar hnathawk leh mi pawimawh te chu a lamtangah a siam chho ta a, November 1991 ah chuan Yeltsin chuan Russia federation huam chhungah Communist Party hming a hmalakna reng reng khap anih thu a puang a. Hemi hnu hian USSR hnuaia awm sawrkar tenau dang Ukraine leh Belarus te biain  USSR sawrkar chu tihtawp puiah a sawm ta a ni. 

Tichuan, heng USSR hnuaia sawrkar tenau (India rama state sawrkar kan tih ang deuh hi) pathum Russia, Ukraine leh Belarus te chuan December ni 8, 1991 ah USSR chu tihtawp a nih thu an ziak fel ta a ni.

USSR hruaitu Mikhail Gorbachev chuan December 25, 1991 khan USSR hruaitu lu ber anihna atanga a ban thu a puang a, president thuneihna a kawl mek chu Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin hnenah a hlan ta a ni. Chumi tuk December 26-ah Council of the Republics chuan USSR chu a tawp ta tiin an nemnghet a, USSR a awm thin ram hrang hrang te chu independent ram anni ta tih an pawm fel nghal bawk. December 31, 1991 zanlaiah chuan USSR chu offial taka tih tawp hlen a lo nita a ni.

Thubelh

Communist sawrkar emaw Communism tih hi a awmzia mawlmang taka sawifiah dan chu, sawkarin ram a kaihrhuaina/enkawlnaah mimal in ram neih te, thil siamchhuahna (factory/industry) ang chi te a theih loh a, chung chu sawrkar emaw mipui vantlang thuhnuaiah vek awmin, a hlawkna pawh an thawh ang zelin mimalin an chang tlang thin a ni. Mimal inhaivurna leh mimal hausak thur thur te, mimal duh ang anga eizawnna kawng zawh ve ngawt te a theih ve loh tihna a ni ber awm e.

- Zara Ralte