USSR KHA ENGTIA KEHDARH TA MAI NGE?

USSR chu engtia lo awm nge?

Khawvela sawrkar lian ber leh ram zau ber ni thin USSR kehchhiat chhan kan sawi hmain USSR rawn awm dan sawi hmasa phawt ila. Russia ramah khian tunhma chuan lal neiin rorelna kalpui thin a ni a, an lalte hi history bu a Tsar/Czar tia kan hriat thin te kha an ni. Kum 1917 - 1923 chhunga October Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) a lo chhuah khan heng an lalte rorelna hi paihthla in hruaitu ropui Vladimir Lenina hovin sawrkar thar an din dan tur an ngaihtuah ta a. Lenina ho hian tunhmaa a hranga rorelna nei thin - Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian leh Byelorussian hote chu ram pakhatah intelkhawmin kum 1922 khan Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) chu an din ta tiin a tawi zawngin a sawi theih mai awm e.

USSR sawrkar chu eng nge a nih chiah?

USSR an din takah ah hian an hruaitu ropui Vladimir Lenina chuan an ram economy than that theih nan New Economic Policy a rawn kapuia, chutah chuan economic tawngkama free market leh private property a rawn kalpui a, chumi awmzia chu zalen taka sumdawn theihna leh mimal te pawn an duh zawng bungrua leh sum leh pai anmahniin an nei thei tihna a ni ber awm e.

Lenina hi kum 1924 ah a thi a, Joseph Stalin chu roreltu a rawn ni chho a, ani erawh hi chuan khawng takin rorelna a rawn kalpui ta thung a, an ram economy pawh mimal ten zalen taka kalpui lovin sawrkar khuahkhirhna hnuaia (command economy) awm turin a dah a, tin, Communist party ah pawh a thu zawm thei lote chu a ban vek bawk. Ani hian USSR chu thilsiamchhuah lama nasa takin a kalpui a, tihluihna in mipuiten hna an thawh angai a, sawrkar thuawih loh te chu nataka hrem emaw tihhlum an ni mai thin.

Tiang chuan communist ram tih takah sawrkar duh dan angin khawng takin rorelna kalpui a ni a, an ram ei leh bar leh hmasawnna kalpui dan zawng zawng chu Communist rorelna sang ber Politburo ho kutah a awm vek a, mipuiten sawi theih an nei ve lo a ni. Sumdawnna leh thilsiamchhuahna lam te, buh leh bal tharchhuah lama hmalakna zawng zawngah te sawrkar in thu a neih vek bakah sawrkar duhdan ang chauhin hma lak thin a ni. India rama kan duh ang anga eizawnna kawng kan zawh ang hi chu a ni lo tih hria ila, i duh emaw duh lo emaw sawrkarin tih tur a tih chu tui lo deuh chung pawhin i thawh angai. Lo neitute pawhin an duh ang thlai an ching thei ngawt lo, sawrkarin chin tur a tih chauh chin theih a ni.

Engtia kehdarh ta mai nge?

USSR kehdarh tak nachhan hi sawi tur tam tak a awm thei a, a chhan chu chumi ber chu a ni tia han malmak fak tur hi sawi thiam a har khawp mai. Chhan hrang hrang a awm thei awm e.

Eitur aiin Silai

A pakhatna atan chuan a chunga kan sawi lan tawh ang hian USSR chu communist ram tih takah mipuiten duhthlan theihna an nei tlem hle a, eizawnna leh hmasawnna hna thawh kawngah sawrkar thu thu a ni mai a, chung avang chuan, an ram hruaitu ten mipui duhzawng lam aiin ram himna leh chakna tur lam an ngaipawimawh zawk a, an sawi thin dan takah 'eitur aiin silai an duh zawk' a ni.

USSR hian gas leh tuialhthei lamah hausakna nasa tak a nei a, chungte avang chuan a hunlai chuan khawvela sawrkar chak leh hausaber zinga a mi a ni thin a, amaherawhchu, mipuiten chung hausakna te chu anmahni tan an hmang ve thei lem lo a, sawrkar kutah vek ram hausakna a awm avangin thang lo thar zel ten zalen zawka awm a, hausakna leh eizawnna thawh te an lo duh ve a, an ram kalphung duhkhawp lohna a lo awm ta a ni.

Gorbachev-a hmalakna a hlawhtling lo

Kum 1985 khan USSR chuan hruaitu thar Mikhail Gorbachev an nei ta a, ani hian ram kalphung thar rawn duang chhuakin hmalakna lian tak pahnih perestroika leh glasnost hmangin hma a la a.

Perestroika tih awmzia chu communist leh capitalist economic system zuia hmalakna tihna  a ni. Sawrkar khuahkhirhna hnuaiah mimal hausa ten hmalakna an nei thei ta a ni. Chutiang chuan mimal hausa leh sumdawng ten an duh zat zat an siamchhuakin an zuar chhuak thei ta tiin a sawifiah theih awm e. Sawrkar rorelnaah pawh zalen leh huam zau zawkin kawngka an hawng a, communist party mi leh ni lo te pawh an tel ve phal sak an ni.

Glasnost tih awmzia ve thung chu a ha zawnga sawrkarin mimal zalenna a hupbeh sak thin ang thiahna a ni awm e. Mipui ten duh duh sawi theihna atana zalenna te, sakhuanaa zalen taka kalpui te phal a ni ta a, sawrkarin mi tang tam tak a chhuah a, chanchinbu leh TV te pawhin an duh ang zawng tih chhuah theihna zalenna te pawh pek anni.

Gorbachev-an mipui te zalenna a pek tak hi USSR hian a tuar ta a, a chhan pawh chutia mipui ten zalenna zau zawk an lo neih takah chuan, communist sawrkar khirh takin a lo khapbehna thin, an ram kalphung an lo nin em em te chu langsar takin mipuiten an rawn au chhuahpui ta a, USSR kaldan chu thlak duhna a lo awm ta a ni.

Hetiang anih mek lai hian kum 1986 khan Chernobyl Nuclear Plant ah chhiatna a thleng a, mipui tam takin he chhiatna hi an tuar a, mahse, Gorbachevan zalen takin thil kalpui a ni ang a lo tih tawh chu he thil thlengah hian sawrkarin a zep leh tlat a, a hnu ni 18 ah he chhiat tawh thu a puang chhuak ta chauh a ni. He thil thleng hian mipui ten USSR sawrkar kaldan chu sawiselna leh paihthlak duhna a rawn hring chhuak nasa hle.

USSR in zalenna duh te a ral thlir em ni?

USSR ah hian hnam hrang hrang leh sakhuana hrang hrang be tute an awm khawm a, anni ho hian an mahni chenna ram theuh leh sakhuana te chu zalen zawka kalpui a, mahni hnam bila awm duhna a lo awm bawk. Gorbachevan zalenna zau zawk a hawn takah hian remchangah la in, USSR a awm khawm hnam tenau zawk te chuan inlak hrana mahnia awm chu an lo duh ta hlawm a, chutiang anga hma la an awm chuan sawrkar lamin chuti lutuk a tihtawp tuma hma a lak tak lohah chuan inpumkhatna lam aiin inlakhran lam hawi zawngin thil a kal chho ta a ni.

USSR a tel ve chiah lo, an tanrualpui ram dang abikin Europe khawchhak lam ramah te communist sawrkar paihthlakna te a lo awm chho a, chungah chuan USSR Gorbacheva kaihhruai chuan tih tawp tuma hmalakna lian tham an neih loh avang leh an ral thlir deuh tawp thin takah chuan USSR atanga indan duh an lo pung ta zel bawk a ni.

USSR sipai chakna a thlahniam

Gorbachevan economic lama zalen zawka hmalakna a hawn tak avang hian sipai lama hmalaknaah pawh nghawng a nei lian hle. Kum 1985 - 1991 khan USSR sipai awm zat chu maktaduai 5.3 atangin 2.3 ah an tlahniam a ni.

Sipai heti taka an thlahniam hi a chhhan a awm a, Gorbachev hian an ram hmasawnnan khawthlang sawrkar te biak thata thahwpui an ngai tih a hria a, anni khawthlang sawrkar ho, abikin US chuan ralthuam leh sipai lama hmalaknate hi tih tlem a, remna leh muanna lam kawnga kal turin thawh hona neih an lo duh tho sia, tichuan USSR lamah pawh sipai leh ralthuam lama hmalakna te tih tlem a ni ta a ni.

Tin, USSR in kum 1979 - 1989 chhunga Afghanistan an run khan an ram hausakna in a tuar nasa em em a, an zuk beih te ber kha US leh an tanrualpuiten an lo thlawp ve si a, tul lovah ram hausakna a kalral nasa a, sipai tam tak in nunna an chan bakah hliampui tur thahnem tak an awm a, hei hian USSR kehdarhna turin nasa takin nghawng a nei bawk. USSR sipai Afghanista zul rammu te hi atawpah chuan Gorbacheva hmalakna sawisel nasa ber tu te an rawn ni ta a ni.

Afghanistan-a USSR in sipai tam tak a chan avang hian sipai leh ralthuam lamah chak takin hma lak a lo har phah a, kum 1989 - 1991 chhung a USSR chhunga zalenna sual Georgia, Azerbaijan leh Lithuania te chu sipai chaknaa tih mih theih annih tak loh avangin zalenna an neih phah ta a ni.

Hun hnuhnung a rawn her chhuak tan

Hetiang thil a thlen chhoh tak mawlh mawlh avang hian USSR hruaitu Gorbacheva duh khawp lohna a lo nasa telh telh a, August 1991 ah amah paihthlak tumna a lo awm a, nithum chhung pawn chhuak thei lovin hual beh a ni a, amah paihthlak tumtute hi hlawhtling ta chiah lo mahse USSR sawrkar tihtawp duhna boruak erawh khap beh theih a ni ta lo.

Gorbacheva hi a mi rinber zinga mi Boris Yeltsin-an a phatsan kha USSR kehdarhna tura thil pawimawh tak a ni bawk. Boris Yeltsin chu USSR a rorelna sang ber politburo atanga a ban hnuin Gorbacheva kaihhruai USSR sawiselna leh dodalna nasa takin a kalpui chhunzawm a. Tichuan, tuna Russia lo ni ta, USSR chhunga ram zau ber Russian Federation ah President a rawn ni ta a, USSR hnuaia sawrkar hnathawk leh mi pawimawh te chu a lamtangah a siam chho ta a, November 1991 ah chuan Yeltsin chuan Russia federation huam chhungah Communist Party hming a hmalakna reng reng khap anih thu a puang a. Hemi hnu hian USSR hnuaia awm sawrkar tenau dang Ukraine leh Belarus te biain  USSR sawrkar chu tihtawp puiah a sawm ta a ni. 

Tichuan, heng USSR hnuaia sawrkar tenau (India rama state sawrkar kan tih ang deuh hi) pathum Russia, Ukraine leh Belarus te chuan December ni 8, 1991 ah USSR chu tihtawp a nih thu an ziak fel ta a ni.

USSR hruaitu Mikhail Gorbachev chuan December 25, 1991 khan USSR hruaitu lu ber anihna atanga a ban thu a puang a, president thuneihna a kawl mek chu Russian Federation president Boris Yeltsin hnenah a hlan ta a ni. Chumi tuk December 26-ah Council of the Republics chuan USSR chu a tawp ta tiin an nemnghet a, USSR a awm thin ram hrang hrang te chu independent ram anni ta tih an pawm fel nghal bawk. December 31, 1991 zanlaiah chuan USSR chu offial taka tih tawp hlen a lo nita a ni.

Thubelh

Communist sawrkar emaw Communism tih hi a awmzia mawlmang taka sawifiah dan chu, sawkarin ram a kaihrhuaina/enkawlnaah mimal in ram neih te, thil siamchhuahna (factory/industry) ang chi te a theih loh a, chung chu sawrkar emaw mipui vantlang thuhnuaiah vek awmin, a hlawkna pawh an thawh ang zelin mimalin an chang tlang thin a ni. Mimal inhaivurna leh mimal hausak thur thur te, mimal duh ang anga eizawnna kawng zawh ve ngawt te a theih ve loh tihna a ni ber awm e.

- Zara Ralte